iPhone OS is a mobile operating system A Mobile operating system, also known as a Mobile OS, a Mobile platform, or a Handheld operating system, is the operating system that controls a mobile device—similar in principle to an operating system such as Linux or Windows that controls a desktop computer. However, they are currently somewhat simpler, and deal more with the wireless developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite It is the default operating system of the iPhone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007, the iPod Touch The iPod Touch , is a portable media player, personal digital assistant, and Wi-Fi mobile platform designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product was launched on September 5, 2007, at an event called The Beat Goes On. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the, and the iPad The iPad is a tablet computer designed and developed by Apple. It is particularly marketed for consumption of media such as books and periodicals, movies, music, and games; and for general web and e-mail access. At about 700 grams, its size and weight are between most contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. Apple sold 3 million iPads in the.

It is derived from Mac OS X Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, Mac OS X has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, the final release of the "classic" Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 198, with which it shares the Darwin Darwin is an open source POSIX-compliant computer operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, and other free software projects foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification operating system by nature. iPhone OS has four abstraction layers An abstraction layer is a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality. Software models that use layers of abstraction include the OSI 7 Layer model for computer network protocols, the OpenGL graphics drawing library, and the byte stream input/output (I/O) model originated by Unix and adopted by MSDOS, Linux, and: the Core OS layer, the Core Services Core Services are a set of Mac OS X application programming interfaces that architecturally are underneath Carbon, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. They include CFNetwork, CarbonCore, OSServices, and WebServicesCore. This component is the core component of Mac OS X, iOS, and the underlying Unix like system Darwin. This is essential to the Mach Kernel, as it layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch Cocoa Touch provides an abstraction layer of the iPhone OS, the operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. Cocoa Touch is based on the Mac OS X Cocoa API toolset and, like it is primarily written in the Objective-C language layer. The operating system uses roughly 500 megabytes of the device's storage.^[3]

History

iPhone OS was unveiled with the iPhone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007 at the Macworld Conference & Expo Produced by Boston-based IDG World Expo, Macworld Conference & Expo is a tradeshow with conference tracks dedicated to the Apple Macintosh platform. It is held annually in the United States, usually during the second week of January. Originally Macworld Expo, the gathering dates back to 1985 on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.^[4] Initially, Apple had no plans to allow third party applications. Under pressure, it announced support for web applications In system software, a web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment [citation needed] or coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript, combined with a browser-rendered and eventually a software development kit A software development kit is typically a set of development tools that allows for the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar platform (SDK) for the OS,^[5]. The first beta A software release is the distribution of software code, documentation, and other support materials, either by physical media, such as compact discs, or by download. The software release life cycle is composed of discrete phases along that describe the software's maturity as it advances from planning and development to release and support phases was made available on March 6, 2008, at which time iPhone OS was officially named. Prior Apple marketing literature simply stated that the "iPhone uses OS X".^[6]

Interest in the SDK was high due to the explosive growth of iPhone OS platforms. The previous September, Apple had released the iPod Touch The iPod Touch , is a portable media player, personal digital assistant, and Wi-Fi mobile platform designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product was launched on September 5, 2007, at an event called The Beat Goes On. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the, a device featuring the iPod The iPod is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001. As of June 2010, the product line-up includes the hard drive-based iPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, the video-capable iPod Nano, and the compact iPod Shuffle. Former iPod models include the iPod Mini and the spin-off iPod Photo . iPod (media) capabilities of the iPhone without the video phone hardware. Apple also sold more than one million iPhone units during the 2007 holiday season.^[7] Both devices have since seen three generations of improved hardware. On January 27, 2010, Apple announced the iPad The iPad is a tablet computer designed and developed by Apple. It is particularly marketed for consumption of media such as books and periodicals, movies, music, and games; and for general web and e-mail access. At about 700 grams, its size and weight are between most contemporary smartphones and laptop computers. Apple sold 3 million iPads in the, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and promoted for web browsing, media consumption, and reading iBooks Three distinct designs of the iBook were introduced during its lifetime. The first design, known as the "Clamshell", was a significant departure from portable computer designs at the time due to its shape, bright colors, incorporation of a handle, and wireless networking. Two years later, a second line abandoned the original form factor.^[8] The iPhone is now advertised as a mobile assistant, and the iPod Touch as a gaming platform. All three are produced by Apple, who does not permit iPhone OS to run on third-party hardware.

As of April 8, 2010)^[update], there were more than 185,000 applications available for iPhone OS in the App Store The App Store is a service for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad created by Apple Inc. which allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with the iPhone SDK and published through Apple. Depending on the application, they are available either for free, or at a cost. The applications can be downloaded, with over four billion downloads.^[9] The 4.0 edition announced in April 2010 introduced multitasking as well as several business-oriented features, including encryption for email and attachments.^[10] It has not yet been released to the public.

User interface

The user interface In the industrial design field of human-machine interaction, the user interface is where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and feedback from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions of iPhone OS is based on the concept of direct manipulation Direct manipulation is a human-computer interaction style which involves continuous representation of objects of interest, and rapid, reversible, incremental actions and feedback. The intention is to allow a user to directly manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond at least loosely to the physical world. Having real-, using multi-touch Multi-touch is an enhancement to touchscreen technology, which provides the user with the ability to apply multiple finger gestures simultaneously onto the electronic visual display to send complex commands to the device gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching. Internal accelerometers Single- and multi-axis models are available to detect magnitude and direction of the acceleration as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation, acceleration, vibration shock, and falling. Micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).

A home screen (rendered by "SpringBoard A springboard or diving board is used for diving and is a board that is itself a spring, i.e. a linear flex-spring, of the cantilever type") with application Application software, also known as applications or apps, is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. Examples include Enterprise software, Accounting software, Office suites, Graphics software and media players icons, and a dock at the bottom of the screen, showing icons for the applications the user accesses the most, is presented when the device is turned on or whenever the home button is pressed. The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. There is no concept of starting or quitting applications, only opening an application from the home screen, and leaving the application to return to the home screen. It is possible to force an application to quit by holding down the power button until the "slide to power off" slider appears, and then holding the home button down, however. While some multitasking In computing, multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task. Multitasking solves the problem by is permitted it is not obtrusive or obvious. However, it is limited to Apple's own applications, a limitation that will be lifted with the introduction of OS 4.0. Third-party applications are quit when left, but from the 3.0 software update, notifications can be pushed from Apple's servers to the iPhone or iPod Touch. Many of the included applications were designed to work together; allowing for the sharing or cross-propagation of data from one application to another (e.g., a phone number can be selected from an email and saved as a contact or dialed for a phone call.) The iPad includes a similar interface, except that the dock is "3D" and the background is interchangeable.

Application support

The central processing unit The Central Processing Unit or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s . The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed (CPU) used in the iPhone and iPod Touch The iPod Touch , is a portable media player, personal digital assistant, and Wi-Fi mobile platform designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product was launched on September 5, 2007, at an event called The Beat Goes On. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the is an ARM-based The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced. They were originally conceived as a processor for desktop processor instead of the x86 The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086. The 8086 was launched in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's early 8-bit based microprocessors and also introduced segmentation to overcome the 16-bit addressing barrier of earlier chips. The term x86 derived from the fact that early successors to the (and previous PowerPC PowerPC is a RISC architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has since 2006 been renamed Power ISA but lives on as a legacy trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture based processors or MC680x0) processors used in Apple's Macintosh The Macintosh , or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface computers, and it uses OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenGL for Embedded Systems is a subset of the OpenGL 3D graphics API designed for embedded devices such as mobile phones, PDAs, and video game consoles. OpenGL ES is managed by the not-for-profit technology consortium, the Khronos Group, Inc^[11] rendering by the PowerVR PowerVR is a division of Imagination Technologies that develops hardware and software for 2D and 3D rendering, and for video encoding, decoding, and associated image processing. In the late 1990s they competed heavily with 3dfx in the 3D accelerator market for desktop PCs and game consoles, but both companies were forced from this market by the 3D graphics hardware accelerator co-processor A video card, video adapter, graphics-accelerator card, display adapter or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen,.^[12] Mac OS X applications Application software, also known as applications or apps, is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. Examples include Enterprise software, Accounting software, Office suites, Graphics software and media players cannot be copied to and run on an iPhone OS device. The applications must be written and compiled specifically for the iPhone OS and the ARM architecture. The Safari Safari is a graphical web browser developed by Apple and included as part of the Mac OS X operating system. First released as a public beta on January 7, 2003 on the company's Mac OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser beginning with Mac OS X v10.3 "Panther." Safari is also the native browser for the iPhone OS. A web browser A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to supports Web applications In system software, a web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment [citation needed] or coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript, combined with a browser-rendered as with other web browsers. Authorized third-party native applications Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by a computer's central processing unit. Machine code may be regarded as a primitive programming language or as the lowest-level representation of a compiled and/or assembled computer program. Programs in interpreted languages are not represented by machine are available for devices running iPhone OS 2.0 and later through Apple's App Store The App Store is a service for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad created by Apple Inc. which allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with the iPhone SDK and published through Apple. Depending on the application, they are available either for free, or at a cost. The applications can be downloaded.

Included applications

In version 3.0, the iPhone home screen contains these default applications: Messages (Text messaging Text messaging refers to the exchange of brief written messages between mobile and portable devices over cellular networks. While the original term was derived from referring to messages sent using the Short Message Service (SMS), it has since been extended to include messages containing image, video, and sound content (known as MMS messages). The, MMS Multimedia Messaging Service, or MMS, is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS capability which only allowed exchange of text messages up to 160 characters in length), Calendar, Photos (with video viewer on 3GS), Camera (Video recording and auto-focus enabled in iPhone 3GS The iPhone is an Internet and multimedia enabled smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone functions as a camera phone , a portable media player (equivalent to a video iPod), and an Internet client (with email, web browsing, and Wi-Fi connectivity) — using the phone's multi-touch screen to render a virtual keyboard in lieu of a), YouTube YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. Three former PayPal employees created YouTube in February 2005. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google. The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video, Stocks (Yahoo! Finance), Maps (Google Maps Google Maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free (for non-commercial use), that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by, with Assisted GPS Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS, is a system which can improve the startup performance of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones as its development was accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 mandate making the location of a cell phone available to emergency call dispatchers on iPhone 3G and 3GS), Weather (Yahoo! Weather), Clock (with stopwatch, alarm clock and timer), Calculator (with scientific version), Voice Memos, Notes, Settings, iTunes (with access to the iTunes Music Store and iTunes Podcast Directory), App Store, Compass (iPhone 3GS), Contacts (with landscape support), and the Nike + iPod app (iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch 2nd generation) that interfaces with the optional Nike + iPod sensor. Four other applications delineate the iPhone's main purposes: Phone, Mail, Safari, and iPod.^[13][14]

The iPod Touch retains many of the same applications that are present by default on the iPhone, with the exception of the Phone, Messages, Compass and Camera apps. The "iPod" App present on the iPhone is split into two apps on the iPod Touch: Music, and Videos. The bottom row of applications is also used to delineate the iPod Touch's main purposes: Music, Videos, Safari, and App Store (Dock Layout was changed in 3.1 Update).

Web applications

At the 2007 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference Apple announced that the iPhone and iPod Touch would support Web applications created by third-party developers using technologies such as Ajax through the Safari web browser.^[15] Apple Inc.'s position was that web applications were capable of providing a sufficient user experience to obviate any need for jailbreaking. Additionally, they determined that making native applications other than their own were unnecessary. However, the aforementioned web applications were unsuccessful,^{[citation needed]} because the JavaScript engine running in Mobile Safari was not powerful enough to run applications satisfactorily.^{[citation needed]}

Unsupported third-party native applications

The iPhone and iPod Touch can only officially install full programs through the App Store.^[16] However, from version 1.0 unauthorized third-party native applications are available.^[17] Such applications face the possibility of being broken by any iPhone OS update, though Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking).^[18] The main distribution methods for these applications are the Cydia, Icy, Rock, and Installer utilities, which can be installed on the iPhone after jailbreaking.

iPhone SDK

On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.^[19] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying an iPhone Developer Program fee. Since the release of Xcode 3.1, Xcode is the development environment for the iPhone SDK. iPhone applications, like iPhone OS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C.^[20]

Developers are able to set any price above a set minimum for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70% share. Alternately, they may opt to release the application for free and need not pay any costs to release or distribute the application except for the membership fee.^[21]

Since its release, there has been some controversy regarding the refund policy in the fine print of the Developer Agreement with Apple. According to the agreement that developers must agree to, if someone purchases an app from the app store, 30% of the price goes to Apple, and 70% to the developer. If a refund is granted to the customer (at Apple's discretion), the 30% is returned to the customer from Apple, and 70% from the developer; however, Apple can then take another 30% of the cost from the developer to make up for Apple's loss.^[22]

Hacking and jailbreaking

The iPhone OS has been subject to a variety of different hacks for a variety of reasons, centered around adding functionality not supported by Apple.

With the advent of iPhone OS 2.0, the focus of the jailbreaking community has shifted somewhat. Prior to iPhone 2.0's release, jailbreaking was the only way to allow third-party applications on the device. Now with iPhone 2.0, native applications are allowed under Apple's SDK terms, although certain functionality is disallowed on the device. These disallowed functions include background processes, and the ability to alter the applications written for the device by Apple. Some began attempts to disable Apple's kill switch,^[23]

There has been a notable shift away from jailbreaking with the new App Store's debut, although there has still been substantial interest from the jailbreaking community, especially with the release of PwnageTool from the "iPhone Dev Team" which was released soon after firmware 2.0 for the iPod Touch and iPhone. Some jailbreakers also attempt to pirate paid App Store applications; this new focus has caused some strife within the jailbreaking community.

The other major focus of jailbreaking since 2.0 has been to reverse the SIM Lock that is forced onto most iPhones. The first generation iPhone can be fully unlocked with the "iPhone Dev Team"'s BootNeuter application, and the iPhone 3G can be unlocked with a new beta effort dubbed "yellowsn0w"^[24] later to become ultrasn0w to work on newer baseband as Apple patched the baseband by release 2.2.1 and QuickPwn 2.2.1.

More recently, many efforts have been focused on broadening the Bluetooth capabilities of the iPhone. However, many of the efforts stopped due to the preview of the iPhone 3.0 OS on March 17, 2009, which included among other features, enhanced Bluetooth capabilities.

Within days of the official release of OS 3.0, updated instructions and applications to jailbreak and unlock 3G iPhones running the new OS were released by the "iPhone Dev Team".^[25]

The "iPhone Dev Team" stated that the exploits that allowed a jailbreak of the iPod Touch 2G and an unlock of the iPhone 3G will respectively allow the same capabilities on the iPhone 3GS.^[26]

On July 3, 2009 geohot released purplera1n,^[27] an application to jailbreak an iPhone 3GS running OS 3.0. The "iPhone Dev Team" subsequently released updated versions of the redsn0w jailbreak and ultrasn0w unlock for the iPhone 3GS.^[28]

The "iPhone Dev Team" released an update to their PwnageTool program on October 2, 2009, to enable the jailbreaking of OS 3.1 on the iPhone 3GS.

On October 11, 2009, GeoHot (George Hotz) released blackra1n which enabled users to jailbreak firmware versions of up to 3.1.2, among all other iDevices, the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch 3G (tethered support). blackra1n supports iPhone 3GS which has 3.1.2 installed out-of-the-box. blackra1n currently does not support jailbreaking with the 3.1.3 firmware.^[29] [1]

On May 4, 2010, SpiritJB was released, jailbreaking iPhone OS 3.0 onwards, including an unteathered jailbreak for 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and 3.2.^[30]

Digital rights controversy

The iPhone OS's closed and proprietary nature has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "Defective by Design" campaign.^{[31][32][33][34][35]} Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, has also criticized Apple's control over its platform.^[36]

At issue are restrictions imposed by the iPad's design, namely DRM intended to lock purchased media to Apple's platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to develop for the iPad), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple (or any other authority that can persuade Apple) to remotely disable or delete apps, media, or data on the iPad at will.

Critics assert that the iPad represents a "thoughtfully designed, deeply cynical thing", which may constitute a step in transforming computers from general-purpose machines into centrally-controlled media consumption devices.^[37] Moreover, many in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iPad represents a growing trend in computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.^[38]

However, there are some outside of Apple who have voiced support for the iPad's closed model. Facebook developer Joe Hewitt, who had previously protested against Apple's control over its hardware as a "horrible precedent", has subsequently argued the locked apps in the iPad are akin to Web applications and provide added security.^[39]

See also

• Game Center
• Android
• iPad
• iPhone
• iPhone OS version history
• iPod Touch
• List of iPhone OS devices
• Mac OS
• Mac OS X
• Newton OS
• WebOS
• Palm OS
• Symbian platform
• Windows Phone

Notes

References

1. ^ "iPhone OS 3.2 Software". Apple Inc.. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/index.action. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
2. ^ "iPhone OS 3.2 Software". Apple Inc.. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/index.action. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
3. ^ Haslam, Karen (January 12, 2007). "Macworld Expo: Optimised OS X sits on 'versatile' flash". Macworld. http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=16927. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
4. ^ Honan, Matthew (2007-01-09). "Apple unveils iPhone". Macworld. http://www.macworld.com/article/54769/2007/01/iphone.html. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
5. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (2007-10-11). "Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps Directory". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202401732. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
6. ^ iPhone - Features - OS X - Apple Inc., Archived version from 2007-10-06
7. ^ Apple Inc. (22 October 2007). Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. Press release. Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
8. ^ "Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps Directory". Apple. 2010-01-27. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/27ipad.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
9. ^ Apple Inc. (April 8, 2010). "Apple Previews iPhone OS 4". Press release. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/08iphoneos.html. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
10. ^ "Get a sneak peak into the future of iPhone OS.". Apple. 2010-04-08. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. http://www.webcitation.org/5oqYO6thc.
11. ^ "OpenGL and Mobile Devices: Round 2 (OpenGL ES for the iPhone and iPod Touch)". Dr. Dobb's Journal. http://www.ddj.com/mobile/209600498.
12. ^ "iPhone Dev Center". Apple Inc.. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/index.action.
13. ^ "iPhone Applications". Apple Inc.. 2008-07-10. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306003. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
14. ^ "iPhone OS 3.1 Software Update". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/iphone/softwareupdate/.
15. ^ Ziegler, Chris. Apple announces third-party software details for iPhone, Engadget, (2007-06-11). Accessed 2007-06-20
16. ^ Baig, Edward C. Apple's iPhone isn't perfect, but it's worthy of the hype, USA Today, (2007-06-26). Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
17. ^ Healey, Jon (2007-08-06). "Hacking the iPhone". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
18. ^ Apple's Joswiak: We Don't Hate iPhone Coders
19. ^ Jobs, Steve (2007-10-17). "Third Party Applications on the iPhone". Apple Inc.. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/devcenter/third_party_apps.php.
20. ^ "Did Apple Make A Mistake Choosing Objective-C For iPhone SDK? at Simon’s Blog". Psynixis.com. http://www.psynixis.com/blog/2008/04/25/did-apple-make-a-mistake-choosing-objective-c-for-iphone-sdk/. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
21. ^ "Introducing the iPhone Developer Program". Apple Inc.. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/program/details.html.
22. ^ "iPhone developers could be bankrupted". http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/03/25/apples-iphone-app-refund-policies-could-bankrupt-developers/.
23. ^ Apple iPhone 'kill switch' discovered - Telegraph
24. ^ Don't eat yellowsn0w!
25. ^ "Ultra's Now!". iPhone Dev Team. http://blog.iphone-dev.org. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
26. ^ "24Kpwn lives on, in the iPhone 3GS!". "iPhone Dev Team". http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/130456145/24kpwn-lives-on-in-the-iphone-3gs. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
27. ^ "On the iPhone: I make it ra1n". geohot. http://iphonejtag.blogspot.com/2009/07/i-make-it-ra1n.html. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
28. ^ "What's old is new again". "iPhone Dev Team". http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/137214493/whats-old-is-new-again. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
29. ^ "On the iPhone: blackra1n hits". Iphonejtag.blogspot.com. 2010-01-30. http://iphonejtag.blogspot.com/2010/01/blackra1n-hits.html. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
30. ^ "SpiritJB". http://spiritjb.com. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
31. ^ Defective By Design's online protest petition
32. ^ ARS Technica story on iPad protests
33. ^ NPR's The Diane Rehm Show on the iPad
34. ^ The Financial Times
35. ^ Bobbie Johnson (February 1, 2010). "Apple iPad will choke innovation, say open internet advocates". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/feb/01/apple-ipad-choke-innovation. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
36. ^ Microsoft PR spokesman condemns iPad for being "locked down"
37. ^ Alex Payne on why the iPad is a "cynical thing"
38. ^ Slashdot story on Apple's trend away from "Tinkering"
39. ^ Hewitt argues in favor of iPad's closed nature

Bibliography

• Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK (1st ed.). Apress. p. 584. ISBN 1430224592. http://apress.com/book/view/1430224592.
• Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (December 29, 2009). More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3 (1st ed.). Apress. p. 552. ISBN 143022505X. http://apress.com/book/view/143022505X.

External links

• iPhone Dev Center - on the Apple Developer Connection website
• iPhone OS Reference Library - on the Apple Developer Connection website

Categories: IPhone OS | Mach | Multi-touch | Smartphones | Unix variants

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• IPhone: Encyclopedia
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