A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a telephone The telephone is a telecommunications device that is used to transmit and receive electronically or digitally encoded sound (most commonly speech) between two or more people conversing. It is one of the most common household appliances in the developed world today. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a complex to indicate an incoming call or text message. The term is a misnomer A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue. Such incorrect terms sometimes derived their names because of the form, action, or origin of the subject—becoming named popularly or widely referenced—long before their true natures were known, as it is often used to refer to any ring sound, almost all of which are not tones A sine wave is characterized by its frequency — the number of cycles per second, or its wavelength — the distance the waveform travels through its medium within a period, and the amplitude — the size of each cycle. A pure tone has the unique property that its waveshape and sound are changed only in amplitude and phase by linear acoustic. The term is most often used to refer to the customizable sounds used on mobile phones A mobile phone or mobile is a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. In addition to the standard voice function of a mobile phone, telephone, current mobile phones may support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging,.

A phone “rings” when its network indicates an incoming call and the phone thus alerts the user. For landline A landline, main line or fixed-line is a telephone line which travels through a solid medium, either metal wire or optical fibre. This is distinguished from a mobile cellular line, where the medium used is the airwaves. Landlines usually cost less than cellular lines and provide better voice quality, and are used when there is no need for mobility telephones, the call signal can be an electric current generated by the switch In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make telephone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the to which the telephone is connected. For mobile phones, the network sends the phone a message indicating an incoming call.

A telephone “ring” is the sound generated when there is an incoming telephone call A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the calling party and the called party. The term originated from the fact that early telephones had a ringing mechanism consisting of a bell and an electromagnetically-driven An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current ceases hammer, producing a ringing sound. The aforementioned electrical signal powered the electromagnet which would rapidly move and release the hammer, striking the bell. This "magneto" bell system is still in widespread use. The ringing signal sent to a customer's telephone is AC In alternating current the movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current (DC), the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one direction at 90 volts The volt is the SI derived unit of electromotive force, commonly called "voltage (difference)". It is also the unit for the related but slightly different quantity electric potential difference (also called "electrostatic potential difference"). It is named in honor of the Lombard physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who and 20 hertz The hertz is a unit of frequency. It is defined as the number of cycles per second. It is the basic unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts. Hertz can be used to measure any periodic event; the most common uses for hertz are to describe radio and audio in North America. In Europe it is around 60-90 volts The volt is the SI derived unit of electromotive force, commonly called "voltage (difference)". It is also the unit for the related but slightly different quantity electric potential difference (also called "electrostatic potential difference"). It is named in honor of the Lombard physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who AC at a frequency of 25 hertz The hertz is a unit of frequency. It is defined as the number of cycles per second. It is the basic unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts. Hertz can be used to measure any periodic event; the most common uses for hertz are to describe radio and audio

While the sound produced is still called a “ring”, more-recently manufactured telephones electronically produce a warbling, chirping A chirp is a signal in which the frequency increases or decreases ('down-chirp') with time. It is commonly used in sonar and radar, but has other applications, such as in spread spectrum communications. In spread spectrum usage, SAW devices such as RACs are often used to generate and demodulate the chirped signals. In optics, ultrashort laser, or other sound. Variation of the ring signal can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls (for example, rings with a shorter interval between them might be used to signal a call from a given number).

History

AT&T offered seven different gong combinations for the "C" type ringer found in the model 500 and 2500 landline telephone sets. These gongs provided "distinctive tones" for hearing-impaired customers and to make it possible to tell which phone was ringing when several phones were placed closely together.^[1] Following the 1968 Carterphone decision which permitted third-party devices to be connected to phone lines, manufacturers began to produce accessory telephone ringers which rang with electronic tones or melodies rather than mechanically. People also made homebrew ringers which used the chip from a musical greeting card to play a melody on the arrival of a call.^[2] One such ringer, described in a 1989 book, even features a toy dog which barks and wags its tail when a call arrives.^[3] Eventually, electronic telephone ringers became the norm. Some of these ringers produced a single tone, but others produced a sequence of two or three tones or a musical melody. ^[4]

The first commercial mobile phone with customizable ring tones was the Japanese Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which NTT DoCoMo NTT docomo, Inc. is the predominant mobile phone operator in Japan. The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase, "do communications over the mobile network", and is also from a phrase dokodemo, meaning "everywhere" in Japanese. docomo provides phone, video phone (FOMA and Some PHS), i-mode (internet), and mail (i-mode Digital Mova N103 Hyper by NEC NEC Corporation , a Japanese multinational IT company, has its headquarters in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. NEC, part of the Sumitomo Group, provides information technology (IT) and network solutions to business enterprises, communications services providers and government, released in May 1996.^[5] It had a few preset songs in MIDI MIDI is an industry-standard protocol defined in 1982 that enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other. MIDI allows computers, synthesizers, MIDI controllers, sound cards, samplers and drum machines to control one another, format. In September 1996, IDO ISP network and solution services in the au one net brand, and long-distance and international voice and data communications services, Fiber to the Home services under the brand name "Hikari One" and ADSL broadband services under the brand name "ADSL One" and IP telephony over copper under the brand "Metal Plus.", the current au au , or au by KDDI, is a mobile phone brand in Japan marketed by KDDI Corporation in the main islands of Japan and Okinawa Cellular in Okinawa, sold Digital Minimo D319 by Denso DENSO Corporation (TYO: 6902) is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Established December 16, 1949 as Nippondenso Co. Ltd. (日本電装株式会社, Nippon Densō Kabushiki-gaisha?), DENSO is a member of the Toyota Group companies. In a way, Denso is to Toyota what Delphi is to. It was the first mobile phone where a user could input an original melody, rather than the preset songs. These phones proved to be popular in Japan. Kētai Chakumero Do-Re-Mi Book (ケータイ着メロ ドレミBOOK, "Mobile Ringtones Do-Re-Mi Book"), a book published on July 1998 introducing the "notes" of popular songs sold more than 3.5 million copies.

The first downloadable mobile ring tone service was created and delivered in Finland in autumn 1998 when a Finnish mobile operator Radiolinja Radiolinja was a Finnish GSM operator founded on September 19, 1988. On March 27, 1991, the world's first GSM phone call was made in Radiolinja's network. The network was opened for commercial use on July 1, 1991 (today Elisa Elisa Oyj is a Finnish telecommunications company founded in 1882 that was known until July 2000 as HPY. Elisa Oyj employs about 3000 people and in 2007 had revenue of about €1.57 billion. The mobile operations of Elisa were previously known as Radiolinja; Elisa has a co-operation agreement with Vodafone for mobile telephony) started their service called Harmonium, invented by Vesa-Matti Pananen.^[6], the Harmonium contained both tools for individuals to create monophonic ring tones and a mechanism to deliver them over-the-air (OTA) via SMS Short Message Service is a communication service standardized in the GSM mobile communication system, using standardized communications protocols allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application on the planet, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all to a mobile handset. On November 1998, Digitalphone Groupe, the current SoftBank Mobile SoftBank Mobile Corp. , previously as Vodafone K.K. (also known as Vodafone Japan) and J-PHONE, is the Japanese subsidiary company of mobile phone operator SoftBank, started the similar service in Japan.

The service concept spread quickly in Europe and Asia and developed into a multi-billion dollar industry.^[7] A ring tone service was one of the very first successful m-commerce Mobile Commerce is the ability to conduct commerce, using a mobile device e.g. a mobile phone (cell phone), a PDA, a smartphone and other emerging mobile equipment such as dashtop mobile devices. Mobile Commerce has been defined as follows: services, with social media Social media is content created by people using highly accessible and scalable publishing technologies. At its most basic sense, social media is a shift in how people discover, read and share news, information and content. It's a fusion of sociology and technology, transforming monologues into dialogues (many to many) and is the democratization of features like composing, sharing, and rating ring tones. The Harmonium also quickly created a market for high-quality professional ring tones and commercial ring tone libraries.

Truetones A truetone is a ringtone which has has been encoded with a sampled audio format such as MP3, AAC, or WMA. It is also referred to as a mastertone or realtone (or real tones), which are often excerpts from pop songs, have become popular as ring tones. The first truetone service was started by au on December 2002. ^[8] My Gift to You by Chemistry Chemistry is a Japanese pop/R&B duo, composed of Yoshikuni Dōchin (堂珍嘉邦?, born November 17, 1978) and Kaname Kawabata (川畑要?, born January 28, 1979). They were the winners of the Asayan audition (similar to the American Idol series) in 2000 organized by Sony Music Entertainment Japan was the first song to be distributed as a truetone.

The rise of video games A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The word video in video game traditionally referred to a raster display device. However, with the popular use of the term "video game", it now implies any type of display device. The electronic systems used to has also contributed to the popularity of ring tones.^[9] On August 5 August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 148 days remaining until the end of the year, 2006 2006 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the BBC described "free ring tones" as a dangerous search term, because of the risk of malware Malware, a portmanteau from the words malicious and software, is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. The expression is a general term used by computer professionals to mean a variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code. The term "computer virus" and other malicious websites.^[10]

By 2005, ring tones generated more than $2 billion in annual worldwide revenues.^[11]

Sales and marketing of ring tones is a prime example of vertical telecommunication convergence Telecommunications convergence is a concept dating back to AT&T in 1928 but has evolved in the 21st century to dominate the market positioning of telecoms operators. It is reflected in the product portfolio operators offer , and in the channels through which their products are sold and serviced (horizontal integration). Telecommunication.

Ringing signal

A ringing signal is an electric telephony In telecommunication, telephony encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances, specifically by connecting telephones to each other signal that causes a telephone to alert the user to an incoming call. On a POTS Plain old telephone service is the voice-grade telephone service that remains the basic form of residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in most parts of the world. The name is a retronym, and is a reflection of the telephone service still available after the advent of more advanced forms of telephony such as ISDN, telephone system, this is created by sending an alternating current In alternating current the movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current (DC), the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one direction signal of about 100 volts The volt is the SI derived unit of electromotive force, commonly called "voltage (difference)". It is also the unit for the related but slightly different quantity electric potential difference (also called "electrostatic potential difference"). It is named in honor of the Lombard physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who [90 volts and 20Hz in the USA] into the line. Today this signal may be transmitted digitally for much of the journey, provided as an alternating current only because a majority of landlines A landline, main line or fixed-line is a telephone line which travels through a solid medium, either metal wire or optical fibre. This is distinguished from a mobile cellular line, where the medium used is the airwaves. Landlines usually cost less than cellular lines and provide better voice quality, and are used when there is no need for mobility are not digital end-to-end. In old phones, this voltage was used to trigger a high-impedance Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal alternating current . Electrical impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative amplitudes of the voltage and current, but also the relative phases. When the circuit is driven with direct current (DC) there is electromagnet to ring a bell on the phone.

Fixed phones A landline, main line or fixed-line is a telephone line which travels through a solid medium, either metal wire or optical fibre. This is distinguished from a mobile cellular line, where the medium used is the airwaves. Landlines usually cost less than cellular lines and provide better voice quality, and are used when there is no need for mobility of the late 20th century and later detect this AC In alternating current the movement (or flow) of electric charge periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current (DC), the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one direction voltage and trigger a warbling tone electronically. Mobile phones are fully digital, hence are signalled to ring as part of the protocol they use to communicate with the cell base stations.

In fixed POTS phones, ringing is said to be "tripped" when the impedance of the line reduces to about 600 ohms The ohm is the SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm when the telephone handset is lifted off the switch-hook. This signals that the telephone call has been answered, and the telephone exchange immediately removes the ringing signal from the line and connects the call. This is the source of the name of the problem called "ring-trip" or "pre-trip", which occurs when the ringing signal on the line encounters excessively low resistance between the conductors, which trips the ring before the subscriber's actual telephone has a chance to ring (for more than a very short time); this is common with wet weather and improperly installed lines.

Early research showed that people would wait until the phone stopped ringing before picking it up. Breaks were introduced into the signal to avoid this problem, resulting in the common ring-pause-ring cadence pattern used today. In early party line In twentieth century telephone systems, a party line is an arrangement in which two or more customers are connected directly to the same local loop. Prior to World War II in the United States, party lines were the primary way residential subscribers acquired local phone service. British users similarly benefited from the party line discount systems this pattern was a Morse code Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a given message. The short and long elements can be formed by sounds, marks, or pulses, in on off keying and are letter indicating who should pick up the phone, but today, with individual lines, the only surviving patterns are a single ring and double-ring, originally Morse code letters T and M respectively.

The ringing pattern is known as ring cadence. This only applies to POTS fixed phones, where the high voltage ring signal is switched on and off to create the ringing pattern. In North America, the standard ring cadence is "2-4", or two seconds of ringing followed by four seconds of silence. In Australia and the UK, the standard ring cadence is 400 ms on, 200 ms off, 400 ms on, 2000 ms off. These patterns may vary from region to region, and other patterns are used in different countries around the world.

A service akin to party line ringing is making a comeback in some small office and home office situations allowing facsimile machines Fax is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for "make a copy at a distance", is also used as a synonym. Although fax is not an acronym, it is often written as “FAX”. The and telephones to share the same line but have different telephone numbers; this CLASS In North American telephony, a vertical service code or VSC is a special code dialed prior to a telephone number that engages some type of special telephone service feature is usually called distinctive ringing Distinctive Ring, marketed under a variety of names, is a telephone company offering that establishes additional telephone numbers on the same line as an existing number, each number ringing with a distinctive ringing pattern. Typically, the original number rings with the standard ring pattern that is common to the nation where the line is generically, though carriers assign it trademarked A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities names such as "Smart Ring", "Duet", "Multiple Number" and "Ringmaster." This feature is also used for a second phone number assigned to the same physical line for roommates or teenagers, in which case it is sometimes marketed under the name teen line. Caller ID Caller ID, known also as Caller Identification , or more properly Calling Number Identification (CNID), is a telephone service, available on POTS (plain old telephone service) lines, that transmits a caller's number to the called party's telephone equipment during the ringing signal, or when the call is being set up but before the call is answered signals are sent during the silent interval between the first and second bursts of the ringing signals.

The interrupted ring signal was designed to attract attention and studies showed that an intermittent two tone ring was the easiest to hear. This had nothing to do with the coded ringing that was used on party lines.

Features

Older telephones simply used a pair of bells for the ringer. Modern ring tones have become extremely diverse, leading to phone personalization and customization.

Newer mobile phones allow users to associate different ring tones with individual family members and friends. Taking advantage of these features, a new ring tone maker trend has emerged. For example, websites like Mobilephoria, Phone Sherpa, and Dopetone let users make ring tones from the music they already own (MP3, CD etc.) and upload directly to their mobile phone with no limit on the number of songs uploaded. In addition to the cost benefits, a key feature is the music editor that lets the user easily pick the part of the song they wish to set as a ring tone. Such services automatically detect the phone settings to ensure the best file type and format. There are, however, providers who have already edited and trimmed the song for you.

Some providers allow users to create their own music tones, either with a "melody composer" or a sample/loop arranger (such as the MusicDJ in many Sony Ericsson phones). However, these use native formats only available to one particular phone model or brand. Other formats, such as MIDI or MP3, are often supported; they must be downloaded to the phone before they can be used as a normal ring tone. Commercial ring tones take advantage of this functionality, which has led to the success of the mobile music industry. Southern rapper Chamillionaire was the first to have a ring tone go 3x platinum for the hit single "Ridin." He now has his own category on certain phones.^{[citation needed]}

The latest innovation is the sing tone, a type of karaoke ring tone where a user’s voice recording is adjusted to be both in time and in tune then mixed with a backing track to make a user-created ring tone.

An alternative to a ring tone for mobile phones is a vibrating alert. It may be useful:

• In noisy environments
• In places where ring tone noise would be disturbing
• For those with a hearing loss

Types of ring tones

Monophonic

A monophonic ring tone is simply a series of musical notes, one note at a time.

Polyphonic

A polyphonic ring tone can consist of several notes at a time. The first polyphonic ring tones used sequenced recording methods such as MIDI. Such recordings specify what synthetic instrument should play a note at a given time, and the actual instrument sound is dependent upon the playback device.

Truetone

A truetone (also known as "realtone", "mastertone", "superphonic ringtone" or "audio recording") is simply an audio recording, typically in a common format such as MP3, AAC, or WMA, and represents the latest evolution of the ring tone. Truetones, which are often excerpts from songs, have become popular as ring tones.

Ring tone formats

• AAC: Some phones like the Sony Ericsson W810i support ring tones in ".m4a" AAC format. The iPhone supports ring tones in ".m4r" AAC format. The ".m4r" format is exactly the same as the ".m4a" format other than an "r" rather than an "a" in the extension.
• AMR: Audio compression format specialized in speech used by Nokia before mp3 became standard.
• eMelody: Older Ericsson format.
• iMelody: Most new phones that don't do Nokia's Smart Messaging are using this format.
• KWS: Kyocera's ringer format.
• MID / MIDI: Popular sound format.
• Morse code: Text files with a .MORSE extension get converted into morse code songs.
• MOT: An older ringer format for Motorola phones.
• MP3: Some phones support ring tones that are mp3 format.
• Nokia / SCKL / OTT: Nokia Smart Messaging format. Nokia phones can receive ring tones as a text message. Ring tone tools can create these text messages. This allows anyone with a compatible phone to load their own ring tones in without a data cable. There are other phones besides Nokia that use this.
• PDB: Palm database. This is the format used to load ring tones on PDA phones such as the Kyocera 6035 and the Handspring Treo.
• PMD: Format co-created by Qualcomm and Japanese company Faith which can include MIDI, sampled audio, static graphics, animation, text, vibration and LED events
• QCP: File format generated by Qualcomm PureVoice software.
• RTTTL: A popular text format for ring tones.
• RTX: Similar to RTTTL with some advanced features. Also the octaves are different on RTX.
• Samsung1 & Samsung2: Samsung keypress format.
• Siemens Keypress: Can create and read in a Siemens text file format.
• Siemens SEO: Siemens SEO binary format.
• SMAF: Yamaha music format that combines MIDI with instrument sound data (aka Module files). Filenames have the extension "MMF".

Ring tone maker

A ring tone maker allows a user to take a song from his/her music collection, pick the part that he/she likes and send the file to his/her mobile phone. Files can be sent to the mobile phone by direct connection (e.g., USB cable), Bluetooth, text messaging, or e-mail, however, most ring tone makers have adopted a "one size fits all" strategy of downloading through the Internet; while appealing to the lowest common denominator, this method usually results in charges to the user for Internet time used on his/her mobile phones.

The Internet-based transition was further marked in 2005 with the on-air, G4TechTV review of "SmashTheTones" (now "Mobile17"), the first third-party solution to allow ring tone creation on a webpage without requiring downloadable software or a digital audio editor. With the Internet now playing the process' largest role, other websites began to offer such tools and ring tone making has not only become simplified but more accessible to the average user.

Billing Controversies

In April 2005, the law firm of Callahan, McCune and Willis filed a class action lawsuit against Jamster! on behalf of a San Diego father and his ten-year-old daughter.^[12] The lawsuit alleges that Jamster! scammed cellular telephone customers through the use of fraudulent and deceptive advertisements. The plaintiffs argue that the ads in question offered one free ring tone to cell phone customers who responded to the ad via text message, but failed to inform users that they would be subscribed to a monthly service.^[13] As of March 2007^[update] the lawsuit is pending.

On July 20, 2005, the Utility Consumers' Action Network (UCAN), a non-profit California consumer advocacy organization, filed a complaint with the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) against Cingular Wireless for the unauthorized billing of non-communications related charges, such as ring tones.^[14] UCAN claimed that Cingular billed its customers for Jamster! and other similar ring tone services without providing customers with the notice, opt-in, and proof of authorization requirements necessary for such charges.^[15] UCAN further charged Cingular with violating numerous CPUC requirements by consistently telling customers with questions about non-communications service charges on their wireless phone bill that Cingular has no responsibility and cannot assist customers with their inquiries.^[15][16]

See also

• Nokia tune
• Ringback tone
• SMAF
• Ringle (music)
• Teen Buzz
• Dial tone

References

1. ^ C-Type Ringers - Maintenance. Bell System Practice, issue 4 (Sept. 1978), section 501-250-303
2. ^ Sokolowski, Steve (1989). "Customize Your Phone", Ch. 8 "Telephone Melody Ringer". TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit, PA. ISBN 0-8306-9354-8.
3. ^ Sokolowski, Steve (1989). "Customize Your Phone", Ch. 20 "Animated Telephone Ringer". TAB Books, Blue Ridge Summit, PA. ISBN 0-8306-9354-8.
4. ^ Bigelow, Carr and Winder (2001). "Understanding Telephone Electronics", Fourth Edition. Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-7175-0.
5. ^ (Japanese) asahi.com, retrieved on September 6 2008 (Cache)
6. ^ Time Magazine Europe: The Sweet Sound Of Success
7. ^ The New Yorker: Ring My Bell
8. ^ (Japanese) 2002 news release on KDDI (au) official website, retrieved on September 7 2008
9. ^ Console Watcher: The Rise of Video Game Music
10. ^ BBC News: Warning on search engine safety
11. ^ Mehta, Stephanie N. (December 12, 2005) Fortune, "Wagner's ring? Way too long. Musicians composing original works for cellphones strive for greatness in 20 seconds or less." Volume 152; Section: FirstNo. 12; Page 40.
12. ^ "Jamster slammed for mobile selling practices", InfoWorld, April 31, 2005. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
13. ^ Summary of FORD V. VERISIGN, INC., JAMSTER!, et al., Callahan, McCune and Willis. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
14. ^ "Sprint and Cingular Named in Complaints", The New York Times, July 21, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
15. ^ ^{a b} Utility Consumers' Action Network v. Cingular Wireless-Complaint and Request for Cease and Desist Order, California Public Utilities Commission, July 20, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
16. ^ Utility Consumers' Action Network v. Cingular Wireless-Opinion Approving Settlement, California Public Utilities Commission, October 19, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2007.

External links

• Wired.com:Creating your own ring tone
• How Stuff Works - Ringtones
• Ringtone FAQ - Consumer guide to ring tone billing and authorization, the complaint process, and ring tone scams
• New Media Rights - How to make your own cell phone ringtones for free

Categories: Mobile phones | Telephony signals | Mobile phone culture | 1996 introductions | 2000s fads

See Also:

• Ringtone

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